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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> Translation phases</strong>
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<p>The C source file is processed by the compiler <i>as if</i> the following phases take place, in this exact order. Actual implementation may combine these actions or process them differently as long as the behavior is the same.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td>
<div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 1</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_3"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 3</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_4"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 4</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_5"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 5</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_6"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 6</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_7"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 7</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_8"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 8</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="translation_phases.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="translation_phases.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 1">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_1">Phase 1</span>
</h3>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">1)</span> The individual bytes of the source code file (which is generally a text file in some multibyte encoding such as UTF-8) are mapped, in implementation defined manner, to the characters of the <i>source character set</i>. In particular, OS-dependent end-of-line indicators are replaced by newline characters.
<dl><dd>The <i>source character set</i> is a multibyte character set which includes the <i>basic source character set</i> as a single-byte subset, consisting of the following 96 characters:</dd></dl>
</div>

<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">a)</span> 5 whitespace characters (space, horizontal tab, vertical tab, form feed, new-line)</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">b)</span> 10 digit characters from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'0'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'9'</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">c)</span> 52 letters from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'a'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'z'</span></span></span> and from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'A'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'Z'</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">d)</span> 29 punctuation characters: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">_ <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="br0">[</span> <span class="br0">]</span> <span class="co2"># ( ) &lt; &gt; % : ; . ? * + - / ^ &amp; | ~ ! = , \ " ’</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">2)</span> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="c/language/operator alternative">Trigraph sequences</a> are replaced by corresponding single-character representations.</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 2">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_2">Phase 2</span>
</h3>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">1)</span> Whenever backslash appears at the end of a line (immediately followed by the newline character), both backslash and newline are deleted, combining two physical source lines into one logical source line. This is a single-pass operation, a line ending in two backslashes followed by an empty line does not combine three lines into one). </div>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">2)</span> If a non-empty source file does not end with a newline character after this step (whether it had no newline originally, or it ended with a backslash), the behavior is undefined.</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 3">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_3">Phase 3</span>
</h3>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">1)</span> The source file is decomposed into <a href="../comment.html" title="c/comment">comments</a>, sequences of whitespace characters (space, horizontal tab, new-line, vertical tab, and form-feed), and <i>preprocessing tokens</i>, which are the following</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">a)</span> header names: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>stdio.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"myfile.h"</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">b)</span> <a href="identifier.html" title="c/language/identifier">identifiers</a>
</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">c)</span> numbers</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">d)</span> <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a> and <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a>
</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">e)</span> operators and punctuators (including <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="c/language/operator alternative">alternative tokens</a>), such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">+</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;=</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="co2">##</span></span></span>, or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">and</span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li2">
<span class="t-li">f)</span> individual non-whitespace characters that do not fit in any other category</div>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">2)</span> Each comment is replaced by one space character</div>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">3)</span> Newlines are kept, and it's implementation-defined whether non-newline whitespace sequences may be collapsed into single space characters.</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 4">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_4">Phase 4</span>
</h3>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">1)</span> <a href="../preprocessor.html" title="c/preprocessor">Preprocessor</a> is executed.</div>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">2)</span> Each file introduced with the <a href="../../cpp/preprocessor/include.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/include">#include</a> directive goes through phases 1 through 4, recursively.</div>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">3)</span> At the end of this phase, all preprocessor directives are removed from the source.</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 5">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_5">Phase 5</span>
</h3>
<div class="t-li1">
<span class="t-li">1)</span> All characters and <a href="escape.html" title="c/language/escape">escape sequences</a> in <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a> and <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a> are converted from <i>source character set</i> to <i>execution character set</i> (which may be a multibyte character set such as UTF-8, as long as all 96 characters from the <i>basic source character set</i> listed in phase 1 have single-byte representations). If the character specified by an escape sequence isn't a member of the execution character set, the result is implementation-defined, but is guaranteed to not be a null (wide) character.</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 6">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_6">Phase 6</span>
</h3>
<p>Adjacent <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a> are concatenated.
</p>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 7">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_7">Phase 7</span>
</h3>
<p>Compilation takes place: the tokens are syntactically and semantically analyzed and translated as a translation unit.
</p>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Phase 8">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_8">Phase 8</span>
</h3>
<p>Linking takes place: Translation units and library components needed to satisfy external references are collected into a program image which contains information needed for execution in its execution environment (the OS).
</p>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span>
</h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 5.1.1.2 Translation phases (p: 10-11)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 5.2.1 Character sets (p: 22-24)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 6.4 Lexical elements (p: 57-75)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 5.1.1.2 Translation phases (p: 9-10)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 5.2.1 Character sets (p: 17-19)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 6.4 Lexical elements (p: 49-66)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 2.1.1.2 Translation phases 
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 2.2.1 Character sets 
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 3.1 Lexical elements 
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span>
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<span><a href="../../cpp/language/translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Phases of translation</span></span>
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